Allama Iqbal Open University announced MSc Mass Communication result Autumn 2010. Congrats all the students who are successfull in exams.
http://result.aiou.edu.pk/ProcessResult.asp
for result please go to the above link.
Monday 12 September 2011
Sunday 28 August 2011
Important Annoucement for Mass Communication Students
Dear Students,
Welcome to the Mass Communication programme. May Allah succeeded u in your objectives. We are here to provide solutions to your studies. If u need any topic of your assignment then plz let us know write here we will try to upload within 24 hours.
You can also visit the right and bottom of every post ads which may help u to find a related topic.
Good Luck
Welcome to the Mass Communication programme. May Allah succeeded u in your objectives. We are here to provide solutions to your studies. If u need any topic of your assignment then plz let us know write here we will try to upload within 24 hours.
You can also visit the right and bottom of every post ads which may help u to find a related topic.
Good Luck
How Radio programmes are classified?
RADIO PROGRAMMES CLASSIFICATION
Radio and Television are based on major three categories programmes. Radio broadcasting ever since its birth has kept growing in terms of its programmes, policies and target areas in order to meet the requirements of its listeners and ever changing demands of the time.
Radio programmes can be classified on the basis of various criteria. However, the broad classification of programmes is made on the following basis:-
Aims of programme
Audiences of the programme
Formats of the programmes
AIMS OF PROGRAMME: Under this approach programmes are classified in accordance with the overall aims conceived by the planner. This classification comprises entertainment programme, information programme, educative programmes or social purpose programmes.
AUDIENCES OF THE PROGRAMMES: Radio programmes can also be classified into various kinds in terms of the target audience they address. Children programmes, women programmes, youth programmes, students programmes and programmes for senior citizens and rural listeners etc.
FORMATS OF THE PROGRAMME: A common and established classification of radio programmes is to categorize them in terms of various formats such as drama, talk and discussion etc.
Radio programme formats are well familiar to both the programme makers and the audience, hence names of formats are announced as such. Sometimes at a radio station separate programme section are established and production staff is assigned there e.g. Drama Section. Music Section, talk section etc. The programmes are planned, produced and presented with efforts to create a novelty in style.
The three types of programme classification are often referred to the literature and broadcast practice. In real practice, however, all these types of programmes are often studied in a natural sequence according to the demands of target area.
Other kinds of programmes are as follows:-
TALKS: Radio talk is written in simple day to day spoken language. Talks are often planned in series but there could be some stray talks according to the need of time or emergency.
INTERVIEWS: It is most important and widely used format of radio broadcasters, as people like listening to the people talking with each other.
DISCUSSION: Being an interactive form of oral communication is a suitable format for radio. To exchange our ideas thoughts with fellow human beings, it is the most ancient the most effective natural and spontaneous vehicle. Like talks and interview radio discussion is also an indigenous format of the sound medium. Following are the types of discussions:-
o Panel Discussion
o Forum Discussion
o Audience participation discussion
o Symposium
DRAMAS: Dramas are now days is diverting to television. Because its now commercialized and visualized. To write a radio drama is very difficult because there are no visual no characters. And to attract the listeners the tactful writing material should be available. Now days different NGOs sponsors the informative dramas on radio, otherwise this type is now decreases in radio.
DOCUMENTARY: It is a interprets real life situation programme. It is basically a programme which presents various aspects of topic fact or subject objectively.
MUSIC: It is the most favourite kind of radio. Now days the main aim behind the radio is to play music for listeners, during music the broadcaster plays commercials and earn money.
Radio and Television are based on major three categories programmes. Radio broadcasting ever since its birth has kept growing in terms of its programmes, policies and target areas in order to meet the requirements of its listeners and ever changing demands of the time.
Radio programmes can be classified on the basis of various criteria. However, the broad classification of programmes is made on the following basis:-
Aims of programme
Audiences of the programme
Formats of the programmes
AIMS OF PROGRAMME: Under this approach programmes are classified in accordance with the overall aims conceived by the planner. This classification comprises entertainment programme, information programme, educative programmes or social purpose programmes.
AUDIENCES OF THE PROGRAMMES: Radio programmes can also be classified into various kinds in terms of the target audience they address. Children programmes, women programmes, youth programmes, students programmes and programmes for senior citizens and rural listeners etc.
FORMATS OF THE PROGRAMME: A common and established classification of radio programmes is to categorize them in terms of various formats such as drama, talk and discussion etc.
Radio programme formats are well familiar to both the programme makers and the audience, hence names of formats are announced as such. Sometimes at a radio station separate programme section are established and production staff is assigned there e.g. Drama Section. Music Section, talk section etc. The programmes are planned, produced and presented with efforts to create a novelty in style.
The three types of programme classification are often referred to the literature and broadcast practice. In real practice, however, all these types of programmes are often studied in a natural sequence according to the demands of target area.
Other kinds of programmes are as follows:-
TALKS: Radio talk is written in simple day to day spoken language. Talks are often planned in series but there could be some stray talks according to the need of time or emergency.
INTERVIEWS: It is most important and widely used format of radio broadcasters, as people like listening to the people talking with each other.
DISCUSSION: Being an interactive form of oral communication is a suitable format for radio. To exchange our ideas thoughts with fellow human beings, it is the most ancient the most effective natural and spontaneous vehicle. Like talks and interview radio discussion is also an indigenous format of the sound medium. Following are the types of discussions:-
o Panel Discussion
o Forum Discussion
o Audience participation discussion
o Symposium
DRAMAS: Dramas are now days is diverting to television. Because its now commercialized and visualized. To write a radio drama is very difficult because there are no visual no characters. And to attract the listeners the tactful writing material should be available. Now days different NGOs sponsors the informative dramas on radio, otherwise this type is now decreases in radio.
DOCUMENTARY: It is a interprets real life situation programme. It is basically a programme which presents various aspects of topic fact or subject objectively.
MUSIC: It is the most favourite kind of radio. Now days the main aim behind the radio is to play music for listeners, during music the broadcaster plays commercials and earn money.
Types of Current Affairs programmes - TV
TYPES OF CURRENT AFFAIRS PROGRAMMES - TV
1. STUDIO PROGRAMMES: Studio Programmes are also categorized into two main format:-
a. Discussion / Talk Shows: These are basically studio programmes, although sometimes keeping in view the nature of assignment, these can also be recorded out-door. In the discussion / talks programmes, one or more than one participant takes part. If more than one participant are involved, then one of them is called compare or moderator. In the discussion programmes several opinions, whether in favour or dis-agreement can be aired. It may range from original conversations to serious arguments, but is should also stimulate interest. In the discussion programmes one can get more balanced coverage of a topic than in a single talk of interview.
Examples: Capital Talk (Geo Tv), Aaj Kal (Express)
b. Interview: In current affairs programmes the interviews are usually conducted with three types of interviewee.
- The expert
- The celebrity
- The man in the street
Main objective of current affairs interview should be to obtain information from the interviewee in the shortest possible time in the clearest way. There are different types of current affairs interviews, but essentially, they can be divided into three basic categories:
- The information interview, which seeks to bring out facts
- The opinion interview, which gathers views and comments.
- The personality interview, which portrays a great man or woman
c. Documentary: It is a travel picture. In this type a voice over throughout the documentary is exist. The sound of the human voice, or music included in this.
Example: Battle of Oil (Telecasted on Geo TV), Footstep of Bin Laden, Construction of Masjid Nabvi , SA etc
d. News Commentary: This is detailed information about one particular item (news) of general interest. Personal view point of writer is also included.
2. FIELD PRODUCTION: Out-door broadcasting van is called mobile television control room or a Mini Studio or Outside Broadcast (OB) Van. This van is used for live recording or telecast from the place where the event is happening. For example a live coverage from the football ground where the match is being played can be called. O>B. Recording. The O.B. Van can also be used at the airport for live coverage of VVIP’s arrival and departure.
O.B Van is directly linked with the television transmitter through control room where the signal is being recorded for onward direct transmission to the public network. Any activity which is covered right from the venue of the event is known as “Live Telecast”. Live telecast coverage is done through OB Van from the place where the event is taking place.
3. SPORTS COVERAGE: In the Current Affairs Programmes, basically three types of sports coverage are done.
- Live Coverage of the Sports Events
- Recorded Programme
- Informative Programme
Live Coverage of the Sports Events: These events are covered on OB Vans especially the major games like Cricket, Hockey, Football, Snooker and Table Tennis. These matches are covered live.
Recorded Programmes: Some sports events are reported after recording. Tape delay programmes. Usually this is because of non availability of funds and non accessible and difficult routes where communication is not possible for linkage.
Informative Programmes: Informative programmes relating to sports also come under current affairs coverage which are, Sports Documentary, Interviews with Sports personalities and Quiz programmes on sports.
STRUCTURE CURRENT AFFAIRS PROGRAMMES - RADIO
Radio current affairs programs may focus on a single issue, such as an election, or may sum up the various events of a week. If they cover various stories they will usually have a unifying thread to tie the stories together.
The radio programme is structured as a series of ‘lead-ins’ followed by inserted support material (that is, live or recorded interviews, comments from experts, music and special effects). The lead-in is the introduction, or set-up of the story, given by the programme’s presenter. It does not tell the story but provides background information. Lead-ins are also designed to grab the listener’s attention and focus the story. They might provide a link between recorded material or they might be a series of questions asked of a guest.
An introduction with the name of the programme and its presenter
A summary of the issue
Formal language to introduce an issue
Background information on the subject
Various opinions presented
Quotes by or interviews with experts, politicians, or people directly involved
Linking sentences and phrases between various stories and between announcer’s comments and inserted support material.
News and current affairs programmes
WHAT IS NEWS?
An expert said: “What comes first is news!”
BRIEF:
News programme is a regularly scheduled radio or television program that reports current events. It is usually reported in a series of individual stories that are presented by one or more anchors. A news programme can include live or recorded interviews by field reporters, expert opinions, opinion poll results, and occasional editorial content.
News programs hit about 10 - 20 different stories, giving each one less than two minutes.
WHAT IS CURRENT AFFAIRS?
Someone told me: “Discussing today is Current Affairs!”
BRIEF:
Current Affairs Programme is a genre of broadcast journalism where the emphasis is on detailed analysis and discussion of news stories that have recently occurred or are ongoing at the time of broadcast. This differs from regular news broadcasts where the emphasis is on news reports presented for simple presentation as soon as possible, often with a minimum of analysis. It is also different for the newsmagazine show format in that the events are discussed immediately. In current affairs discussion programmes, government officials, intellectuals, educationists, research scholars, economists, politicians, scientists and sociologists express their views. Current Affairs shows usually feature one or two guests in an interview format going in depth on one or two issues.
PURPOSE: The purpose of radio current affairs programme is to inform the public about issued and event. Rather than concentrating on the basic facts of a news story, they are aimed at helping listeners understand the meaning and the issues behind the news.
An expert said: “What comes first is news!”
BRIEF:
News programme is a regularly scheduled radio or television program that reports current events. It is usually reported in a series of individual stories that are presented by one or more anchors. A news programme can include live or recorded interviews by field reporters, expert opinions, opinion poll results, and occasional editorial content.
News programs hit about 10 - 20 different stories, giving each one less than two minutes.
WHAT IS CURRENT AFFAIRS?
Someone told me: “Discussing today is Current Affairs!”
BRIEF:
Current Affairs Programme is a genre of broadcast journalism where the emphasis is on detailed analysis and discussion of news stories that have recently occurred or are ongoing at the time of broadcast. This differs from regular news broadcasts where the emphasis is on news reports presented for simple presentation as soon as possible, often with a minimum of analysis. It is also different for the newsmagazine show format in that the events are discussed immediately. In current affairs discussion programmes, government officials, intellectuals, educationists, research scholars, economists, politicians, scientists and sociologists express their views. Current Affairs shows usually feature one or two guests in an interview format going in depth on one or two issues.
PURPOSE: The purpose of radio current affairs programme is to inform the public about issued and event. Rather than concentrating on the basic facts of a news story, they are aimed at helping listeners understand the meaning and the issues behind the news.
Wednesday 24 August 2011
Free Flow of Information
FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION
The Free Flow of Information Act is a bill intended to provide a news reporter with the right to refuse to testify as to information or sources of information obtained during the newsgathering and distribution process.
The “Free Flow of Information” is a concept linked to the basic human right of freedom of speech and opinion. Every one has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. This right includes freedom to hold opinion without interference and to see, receive and impart information and ideas through any medium regardless of any frontiers.
Accurate knowledge about the true problem, about the complex aspects that affect the problem and potential solution, and about how humans tend to think, react, and behave is essential for developing practical, innovative solutions. It requires getting the requisite knowledge in applicable form to the best point in the design process. And many times, to reach this goal, we must break down some mental barriers that we have built inside our minds.
To get new information to the right people at the right time requires knowledge producers to break down many different barriers. The barriers to the flow of information are not just geographic. A gap can be found between universities and private companies, which tacitly means between scientific knowledge and product knowledge. Knowledge becomes significant only when it is expressed in practical terms, such as product development and other applications. However, information becomes knowledge and applicable only when built upon the ever-growing body of basic knowledge, which is discovered in the academic inquiry of the university.
To achieve such a complementary fusion of knowledge, those interested in the creation and application of knowledge need to find ways to scale the fences that might separate them. Such fences involve the languages (both cultural and terminological) of the fields of expertise, the different social rules and forms of expression between and within organizations, a lack of trust, and varying goals and interests, to name a few, which create barriers to effective communication and the quality use of knowledge. One possible means of bridging the gap between these distinct cultures is through open access scientific publishing. Open access journals make knowledge and discovery freely available for those who need it. Open access journals allow those who seek information to find those whose prior seeking has resulted in new perspectives, new data, new knowledge. For this reason alone open access journals are an essential part of communicating about scientific research findings and knowledge. And it seems that open access publishing is an especially natural way for university research to be distributed for the greater good.
The Free Flow of Information Act is a bill intended to provide a news reporter with the right to refuse to testify as to information or sources of information obtained during the newsgathering and distribution process.
The “Free Flow of Information” is a concept linked to the basic human right of freedom of speech and opinion. Every one has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. This right includes freedom to hold opinion without interference and to see, receive and impart information and ideas through any medium regardless of any frontiers.
Accurate knowledge about the true problem, about the complex aspects that affect the problem and potential solution, and about how humans tend to think, react, and behave is essential for developing practical, innovative solutions. It requires getting the requisite knowledge in applicable form to the best point in the design process. And many times, to reach this goal, we must break down some mental barriers that we have built inside our minds.
To get new information to the right people at the right time requires knowledge producers to break down many different barriers. The barriers to the flow of information are not just geographic. A gap can be found between universities and private companies, which tacitly means between scientific knowledge and product knowledge. Knowledge becomes significant only when it is expressed in practical terms, such as product development and other applications. However, information becomes knowledge and applicable only when built upon the ever-growing body of basic knowledge, which is discovered in the academic inquiry of the university.
To achieve such a complementary fusion of knowledge, those interested in the creation and application of knowledge need to find ways to scale the fences that might separate them. Such fences involve the languages (both cultural and terminological) of the fields of expertise, the different social rules and forms of expression between and within organizations, a lack of trust, and varying goals and interests, to name a few, which create barriers to effective communication and the quality use of knowledge. One possible means of bridging the gap between these distinct cultures is through open access scientific publishing. Open access journals make knowledge and discovery freely available for those who need it. Open access journals allow those who seek information to find those whose prior seeking has resulted in new perspectives, new data, new knowledge. For this reason alone open access journals are an essential part of communicating about scientific research findings and knowledge. And it seems that open access publishing is an especially natural way for university research to be distributed for the greater good.
Media Ethics - Mass Communication - Print Media
MEDIA ETHICS
ETHICS:- Ethics also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality, such as what the fundamental semantic, ontological, and epistemic nature of ethics or morality is (meta-ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), how a moral outcome can be achieved in specific situations (applied ethics), how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is (moral psychology), and what moral values people actually abide by (descriptive ethics).
MEDIA ETHICS:- The subdivision of practical ethics dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. The field covers many varied and highly controversial topics, ranging from war journalism to Benetton advertising.
• Ethics of Journalism: The ethics of journalism is one of the most well-defined branches of media ethics, primarily because it is frequently taught in schools of journalism. News can manipulate and be manipulated. Governments and corporations may attempt to manipulate news media; governments, for example, by censorship, and corporations by share ownership. The methods of manipulation are subtle and many. Manipulation may be voluntary or involuntary. Those being manipulated may not be aware of this.
• Ethics of entertainment media: The depiction of violence and sex, and the presence of strong language. Ethical guidelines and legislation in this area are common and many media (e.g. film, computer games) are subject to ratings systems and supervision by agencies. An extensive guide to international systems of enforcement can be found under motion picture rating system. An increasingly common marketing tactic is the placement of products in entertainment media. The producers of such media may be paid high sums to display branded products. The practice is controversial and largely unregulated. Both advertising and entertainment media make heavy use of stereotypes. Stereotypes may negatively affect people's perceptions of themselves or promote socially undesirable behaviour. The stereotypical portrayals of men, wealth and ethnic groups are examples of major areas of debate.
Art is about the questioning of our values. Normative ethics is often about the enforcement and protection of our values. In media ethics, these two sides come into conflict. In the name of art, media may deliberately attempt to break with existing norms and shock the audience. The extent to which this is acceptable is always a hotbed of ethical controversy.
• Media and democracy: In democratic countries, a special relationship exists between media and government. Although the freedom of the media may be constitutionally preserve and have precise legal definition and enforcement, the exercise of that freedom by individual journalists is a matter of personal choice and ethics. Modern democratic government subsists in representation of millions by hundreds. For the representatives to be accountable, and for the process of government to be transparent, effective communication paths must exist to their constituents.
Today these paths consist primarily of the mass media, to the extent that if press freedom disappeared, so would most political accountability. In this area, media ethics merges with issues of civil rights and politics.
• Media ethics and the law: Like ethics the law seeks to balance competing aims. In most countries there are laws preventing the media from doing or saying certain things when this would unduly breach another person's rights. For instance, slander and libel are forms of defamation, a tort. Slander occurs when a person's good name is unfairly slurred. Libel is concerned with attacks on reputation through writing. A major area of conflict is between the public's "right to know", or freedom of the press, and individual's right to privacy. This clash often occurs regarding reporting into the private lives of public figures. There are restrictions in most countries on the publication of obscene material, particularly where it depicts nudity, desecration of religious objects or symbols (blasphemy), human remains or violent or sexual crime.
ETHICS:- Ethics also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality, such as what the fundamental semantic, ontological, and epistemic nature of ethics or morality is (meta-ethics), how moral values should be determined (normative ethics), how a moral outcome can be achieved in specific situations (applied ethics), how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is (moral psychology), and what moral values people actually abide by (descriptive ethics).
MEDIA ETHICS:- The subdivision of practical ethics dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. The field covers many varied and highly controversial topics, ranging from war journalism to Benetton advertising.
• Ethics of Journalism: The ethics of journalism is one of the most well-defined branches of media ethics, primarily because it is frequently taught in schools of journalism. News can manipulate and be manipulated. Governments and corporations may attempt to manipulate news media; governments, for example, by censorship, and corporations by share ownership. The methods of manipulation are subtle and many. Manipulation may be voluntary or involuntary. Those being manipulated may not be aware of this.
• Ethics of entertainment media: The depiction of violence and sex, and the presence of strong language. Ethical guidelines and legislation in this area are common and many media (e.g. film, computer games) are subject to ratings systems and supervision by agencies. An extensive guide to international systems of enforcement can be found under motion picture rating system. An increasingly common marketing tactic is the placement of products in entertainment media. The producers of such media may be paid high sums to display branded products. The practice is controversial and largely unregulated. Both advertising and entertainment media make heavy use of stereotypes. Stereotypes may negatively affect people's perceptions of themselves or promote socially undesirable behaviour. The stereotypical portrayals of men, wealth and ethnic groups are examples of major areas of debate.
Art is about the questioning of our values. Normative ethics is often about the enforcement and protection of our values. In media ethics, these two sides come into conflict. In the name of art, media may deliberately attempt to break with existing norms and shock the audience. The extent to which this is acceptable is always a hotbed of ethical controversy.
• Media and democracy: In democratic countries, a special relationship exists between media and government. Although the freedom of the media may be constitutionally preserve and have precise legal definition and enforcement, the exercise of that freedom by individual journalists is a matter of personal choice and ethics. Modern democratic government subsists in representation of millions by hundreds. For the representatives to be accountable, and for the process of government to be transparent, effective communication paths must exist to their constituents.
Today these paths consist primarily of the mass media, to the extent that if press freedom disappeared, so would most political accountability. In this area, media ethics merges with issues of civil rights and politics.
• Media ethics and the law: Like ethics the law seeks to balance competing aims. In most countries there are laws preventing the media from doing or saying certain things when this would unduly breach another person's rights. For instance, slander and libel are forms of defamation, a tort. Slander occurs when a person's good name is unfairly slurred. Libel is concerned with attacks on reputation through writing. A major area of conflict is between the public's "right to know", or freedom of the press, and individual's right to privacy. This clash often occurs regarding reporting into the private lives of public figures. There are restrictions in most countries on the publication of obscene material, particularly where it depicts nudity, desecration of religious objects or symbols (blasphemy), human remains or violent or sexual crime.
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