COPYRIGHT ACT
Copyright:- Copyright gives the author of an original work exclusive right for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation, after which time the work is said to enter the public domain. Copyright applies to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete and fixed in a medium. Some jurisdictions also recognize "moral rights" of the creator of a work, such as the right to be credited for the work. Copyright is described under the umbrella term intellectual property along with patents and trademarks.
History:- The concept of copyright originates with the Statute of Anne (1710) in Britain. It established the author of a work as the owner of the right to copy that work and the concept of a fixed term for that copyright. The Statute of Anne was the first real copyright act, and gave the authors rights for a fixed period, a fourteen year term for all works published the Statute, after which the copyright expired.
Copyright Act:- In 1790 US Congress passed an act for the encouragement of learning by securing copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries"
Copyright Act in Pakistan:- In Pakistan, copyright protection is governed by the provisions of the Copyright Ordinance, 1962 ("the Ordinance") which is modeled on the English Act of 1914. Pakistan is a member of Berne Copyright Union and the Universal Copyright Convention.
One of the most significant developments in relation to the protection of copyright in Pakistan is the recent promulgation of the Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992 ("the Amendment Act"). Copyright protection originally available to literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, cinematographic and architectural works, books, photographs, newspapers, engravings, lectures, records (defined as "any disc, tape, wire, perforated roll or other device in which sounds are embodied so as to be capable of being reproduced therefrom, other than a sound track associated with a cinematographic work") and sculptures is now extended to computer software, periodicals, video films and all kind of audio-visual works.
Wednesday, 24 August 2011
Defamation
DEFAMATION
In law, defamation–also called calumny, libel (for written words), slander (for spoken words), and vilification–is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. It is usually, but not always, a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).
In common law jurisdictions, slander refers to a malicious, false and defamatory spoken statement or report, while libel refers to any other form of communication such as written words or images. Most jurisdictions allow legal actions, civil and/or criminal, to deter various kinds of defamation and retaliate against groundless criticism. Related to defamation is public disclosure of private facts, which arises where one person reveals information that is not of public concern, and the release of which would offend a reasonable person. "Unlike [with] libel, truth is not a defense for invasion of privacy."
False light laws are "intended primarily to protect the plaintiff's mental or emotional well-being." If a publication of information is false, then a tort of defamation might have occurred. If that communication is not technically false but is still misleading, then a tort of false light might have occurred.
Example:- Akhtar, during a television chat show, had described the former PCB chairman Nasim Ashraf, as a 'second grade person', and said that all previous administrators had done nothing but ruined the game in the country.
Action:- LAHORE - Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board Dr. Nasim Ashraf Friday filed a defamation suit against national pace bowler Shoaib Akhtar seeking damages of Rs 220 million for uttering derogatory remarks against the board's head.
In law, defamation–also called calumny, libel (for written words), slander (for spoken words), and vilification–is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. It is usually, but not always, a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).
In common law jurisdictions, slander refers to a malicious, false and defamatory spoken statement or report, while libel refers to any other form of communication such as written words or images. Most jurisdictions allow legal actions, civil and/or criminal, to deter various kinds of defamation and retaliate against groundless criticism. Related to defamation is public disclosure of private facts, which arises where one person reveals information that is not of public concern, and the release of which would offend a reasonable person. "Unlike [with] libel, truth is not a defense for invasion of privacy."
False light laws are "intended primarily to protect the plaintiff's mental or emotional well-being." If a publication of information is false, then a tort of defamation might have occurred. If that communication is not technically false but is still misleading, then a tort of false light might have occurred.
Example:- Akhtar, during a television chat show, had described the former PCB chairman Nasim Ashraf, as a 'second grade person', and said that all previous administrators had done nothing but ruined the game in the country.
Action:- LAHORE - Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board Dr. Nasim Ashraf Friday filed a defamation suit against national pace bowler Shoaib Akhtar seeking damages of Rs 220 million for uttering derogatory remarks against the board's head.
Problems of Newspaper Industry in Pakistan
PROBLEMS OF NEWSPAPER INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN
Problems of newspaper industry in Pakistan can be categorized in to two main parts:-
Internal Problems
External Problems
INTERNAL: Internal problems comprises on the newspaper organizational problems. Following are the main problems:
o Workload: Workload problem means the huge work on the organization. Any organization which has the huge work need to be employed a staff to meet the requirement. There is shortage of staff.
o Non Professional: Non professional staff is also the burden on any organization. There are non professional staff who can not meet the requirement as they are not expert.
o Press Laws: Print and Publication laws are the major problem of the industry. There is laws who has to be amended and needs to be implemented.
EXTERNAL: External problems are those who directly or indirectly affect the industry, following are the main problems:
o Government: Government plays vital role in the industry. Its policies are affecting the industry.
o Advertisement: Un-equal distribution of advertisements. Advertisements are the main source of income of newspaper. All the newspapers depends on the advertisements. The government issues advertisements through its department Press Information Department (PID) which give the advertisement to the newspaper. There is a gap and monopoly to distribute the advertisement. On the other hand there is no fair policy to distribute the advertisement.
o Pressure Groups: Pressure groups means Political, Social, Commercial and Religious. These groups have a prominent role in the fluctuation of newspaper society. Sometime, political influenced in a negative sense sometime commercial. So these groups are the main factor and problem of the news industry.
o Newsprint: Newspaper material (newsprint) is the main component which is imported from abroad. The government imposed the taxes on the import of that. Because of these taxes the price of newspaper cannot be remain constant and the owners has to increase the price as they has to meet their expenses and cost.
o Import Duties: It is unfortunate that in Pakistan there are lots of taxes, duties imposed. Government imposing the duties, excise, taxes on the import and export. If this will continue then the time will come when we will not be able to import things and there will be shortage of the things which are not available in our country. Import duties on printing material and machinery etc are the major problems of the industry.
SOLUTION:
In my point of view, the problems of industry can be reduce or completely solve. The thing is that the industry owners should be united. They think individually and the above factors get advantage. And the other thing is there should be printing laws which should be implemented on all the industry without the difference of major or minor group. Third suggestion is government should take a step to stabilize the industry through its fair advertisement distribution. The advertisement should be fair and according to the industry circulation. In this scene the organization who are publishing the newspaper have to be fair. They should submit and work honestly and pay taxes as per laws. Fourth thing is organizational training, the industry has to conduct training programmes and other initiatives to train their people/staff, so that the efficiency of staff and lack of perfection and workload factors can be removed.
As far as printing items ie. paper, machinery, taxes etc are concerned these can be meet by the government level. Government should discuss these matter to industry and give them some extra favour in importing the items.
Problems of newspaper industry in Pakistan can be categorized in to two main parts:-
Internal Problems
External Problems
INTERNAL: Internal problems comprises on the newspaper organizational problems. Following are the main problems:
o Workload: Workload problem means the huge work on the organization. Any organization which has the huge work need to be employed a staff to meet the requirement. There is shortage of staff.
o Non Professional: Non professional staff is also the burden on any organization. There are non professional staff who can not meet the requirement as they are not expert.
o Press Laws: Print and Publication laws are the major problem of the industry. There is laws who has to be amended and needs to be implemented.
EXTERNAL: External problems are those who directly or indirectly affect the industry, following are the main problems:
o Government: Government plays vital role in the industry. Its policies are affecting the industry.
o Advertisement: Un-equal distribution of advertisements. Advertisements are the main source of income of newspaper. All the newspapers depends on the advertisements. The government issues advertisements through its department Press Information Department (PID) which give the advertisement to the newspaper. There is a gap and monopoly to distribute the advertisement. On the other hand there is no fair policy to distribute the advertisement.
o Pressure Groups: Pressure groups means Political, Social, Commercial and Religious. These groups have a prominent role in the fluctuation of newspaper society. Sometime, political influenced in a negative sense sometime commercial. So these groups are the main factor and problem of the news industry.
o Newsprint: Newspaper material (newsprint) is the main component which is imported from abroad. The government imposed the taxes on the import of that. Because of these taxes the price of newspaper cannot be remain constant and the owners has to increase the price as they has to meet their expenses and cost.
o Import Duties: It is unfortunate that in Pakistan there are lots of taxes, duties imposed. Government imposing the duties, excise, taxes on the import and export. If this will continue then the time will come when we will not be able to import things and there will be shortage of the things which are not available in our country. Import duties on printing material and machinery etc are the major problems of the industry.
SOLUTION:
In my point of view, the problems of industry can be reduce or completely solve. The thing is that the industry owners should be united. They think individually and the above factors get advantage. And the other thing is there should be printing laws which should be implemented on all the industry without the difference of major or minor group. Third suggestion is government should take a step to stabilize the industry through its fair advertisement distribution. The advertisement should be fair and according to the industry circulation. In this scene the organization who are publishing the newspaper have to be fair. They should submit and work honestly and pay taxes as per laws. Fourth thing is organizational training, the industry has to conduct training programmes and other initiatives to train their people/staff, so that the efficiency of staff and lack of perfection and workload factors can be removed.
As far as printing items ie. paper, machinery, taxes etc are concerned these can be meet by the government level. Government should discuss these matter to industry and give them some extra favour in importing the items.
Freedom of Press
FREEDOM OF PRESS
Freedom of press is regarded as an inalienable right of people in a free society. It carries with it the freedom and responsibility to discuss, question, and challenge actions and utterances of government, public and private institutions. Journalists uphold the right to speak unpopular opinions and the privilege to agree with the majority. Freedom of press belongs to the people. It must be defended against encroachment or assault from any quarter, public or private. Journalists must be constantly alert to see that the public business is conducted in public. They must be vigilant against all who would exploit the media for self interest.
Freedom of the press consists of lawful or statutory protections pertaining to the media and published materials.
With respect to governmental information, any government distinguishes which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest.
As the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers"
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society. This responsibility can be "negative", meaning there is a responsibility to refrain from acting (resistance stance) or it can be "positive," meaning there is a responsibility to act (proactive stance).
Media serve many important responsibilities, for the society such as social economic, educational, religious, cultural etc. Many people think that media play a vital role in making democracy work.. media can render the day to day lives of the people better, it can entertain them to be more specific, the major responsibilities are:-
o To give a daily account of what is happening in the surroundings and world.
o To serve as a watchdog on government
o To inform citizens so that they can participate in decision making activities
o To provide practical information for day to day living
o To provide adult education
o To provide entertainment
OPINION
A free press means free people and freedom of speech and expression is the fundamental right of every human being, provision of which is liable on the government of the land he dwells on.
In an international context of press and media, as far as its freedom is concerned it is generally accepted and proven that no ‘absolute’ freedom is given to them no matter however independent a government would be, there exists a regulatory body which is in agreement with the supreme laws that govern the country, regulates the news brought in and views of the journalists in order to safegaurd the solidarity and dignity of the country. The function of the media is to inform and engage citizens through the free flow of information that advances democratic and economic development. A professional and free media sector builds more transparent and effective governance, promotes fair and open economies, and generates responsible discussion about social and political issues aiming towards public satisfaction in their representatives as well as understanding of the problems of the public by the later to formulate and implement favorable policies
The press in Pakistan holds significant power and has suffered much under various political leaders, only to emerge resilient and more committed to freedom of speech. The existence of such a free press is remarkable given the often harsh means used by various governments to control it.
Historically, the press and media had been under pressure regardless of the nature of the government be it a military dictatorship or a so called ‘democratic’. The buzzword of ‘freedom’ has been reinforced by every government in the last 61 years but the unfortunate truth is that the press had never been free and compelled to be the mouthpiece of the ruling parties in the government . Imprisoning of the journalists and banning of newspapers and TV channels is not new in our country but the last few years have been worst for Pakistani press. According to the statistics provided by the Intermedia in their Annual State of Pakistani Media Report 2007- 08, the analysis covering a period of 12 months i.e. from May 07 to May 08, 15 journalists were murdered in the line of duty, 357 were arrested, 123 sustained injuries in physical assaults, 154 were harassed while there were 18 cases of attacks and ransacking of media properties and 88 cases of various gag orders issued by the government.
Incidents like these and the same in the past have resulted in a clash between the government and the press which consequently brings social and political instability in the country which leads to public cynicism in both the media itself and the government.
Freedom of press is regarded as an inalienable right of people in a free society. It carries with it the freedom and responsibility to discuss, question, and challenge actions and utterances of government, public and private institutions. Journalists uphold the right to speak unpopular opinions and the privilege to agree with the majority. Freedom of press belongs to the people. It must be defended against encroachment or assault from any quarter, public or private. Journalists must be constantly alert to see that the public business is conducted in public. They must be vigilant against all who would exploit the media for self interest.
Freedom of the press consists of lawful or statutory protections pertaining to the media and published materials.
With respect to governmental information, any government distinguishes which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest.
As the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers"
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society. This responsibility can be "negative", meaning there is a responsibility to refrain from acting (resistance stance) or it can be "positive," meaning there is a responsibility to act (proactive stance).
Media serve many important responsibilities, for the society such as social economic, educational, religious, cultural etc. Many people think that media play a vital role in making democracy work.. media can render the day to day lives of the people better, it can entertain them to be more specific, the major responsibilities are:-
o To give a daily account of what is happening in the surroundings and world.
o To serve as a watchdog on government
o To inform citizens so that they can participate in decision making activities
o To provide practical information for day to day living
o To provide adult education
o To provide entertainment
OPINION
A free press means free people and freedom of speech and expression is the fundamental right of every human being, provision of which is liable on the government of the land he dwells on.
In an international context of press and media, as far as its freedom is concerned it is generally accepted and proven that no ‘absolute’ freedom is given to them no matter however independent a government would be, there exists a regulatory body which is in agreement with the supreme laws that govern the country, regulates the news brought in and views of the journalists in order to safegaurd the solidarity and dignity of the country. The function of the media is to inform and engage citizens through the free flow of information that advances democratic and economic development. A professional and free media sector builds more transparent and effective governance, promotes fair and open economies, and generates responsible discussion about social and political issues aiming towards public satisfaction in their representatives as well as understanding of the problems of the public by the later to formulate and implement favorable policies
The press in Pakistan holds significant power and has suffered much under various political leaders, only to emerge resilient and more committed to freedom of speech. The existence of such a free press is remarkable given the often harsh means used by various governments to control it.
Historically, the press and media had been under pressure regardless of the nature of the government be it a military dictatorship or a so called ‘democratic’. The buzzword of ‘freedom’ has been reinforced by every government in the last 61 years but the unfortunate truth is that the press had never been free and compelled to be the mouthpiece of the ruling parties in the government . Imprisoning of the journalists and banning of newspapers and TV channels is not new in our country but the last few years have been worst for Pakistani press. According to the statistics provided by the Intermedia in their Annual State of Pakistani Media Report 2007- 08, the analysis covering a period of 12 months i.e. from May 07 to May 08, 15 journalists were murdered in the line of duty, 357 were arrested, 123 sustained injuries in physical assaults, 154 were harassed while there were 18 cases of attacks and ransacking of media properties and 88 cases of various gag orders issued by the government.
Incidents like these and the same in the past have resulted in a clash between the government and the press which consequently brings social and political instability in the country which leads to public cynicism in both the media itself and the government.
Economic of Newspaper, Advertising increase circulation
Explain the economics of a newspaper. Can advertising increase circulation?
ECONOMIC OF NEWSPAPER
There's an old saying that you'll never understand newspaper economics until you understand why newspaper vending machines are designed so that you can take as many papers as you like for your quarter. Newspapers are, first and last, devices for delivering ads to readers. It's the ads which account for all the profits, not the cash coming from subscribers or people who buy their paper at the newsstand. Yes, news itself is free, nowadays. But it always has been. What we've been paying for all these years was never news, it was papers.
The main source of income for newspaper is advertisements which they publish regularly. Most of the advertisements published in newspapers emanate from federal, provincial and local government departments. Advertisements constitute backbone of the newspaper industry. They play an important role in bringing the prices of newspaper to a moderate level. The distribution of these advertisements on behalf of the government is mostly don through information/publicity departments while the other institutions of private sector send their advertisements direct to the newspaper offices.
The key to the economic problems confronting newspapers lies with the government. The economic problems become a great obstacle in the way of journalistic freedom. Besides advertisements, newspapers in Pakistan have to face the problems of newsprint, import duty, printing material, circulation, distribution, mean of communication, means of getting news etc.
ADVERTISING INCREASE CIRCULATION
Advertising is the printed, audio, video or pictured representation of a person, product service or movement openly sponsored by the advertiser at his expenses for the purpose of influencing sales, use and votes etc.
Advertising is a business that feeds advertising agencies, newspapers, radio and television and contributes a lot in providing finances to news media. Advertisers convey their message to the masses through purchasing time in electronic media and space in print media and thus provide them a bulk of revenue.
Newspaper advertising, a popular avenue for consumer approach, is influential in economical living, business growth and community progress. There is convincing evidence that advertising can lead to lower prices, great profits., reduced selling cost and increased turnover. In newspapers generally there are display and classified types of advertisements.
Circulation is the lifeblood of a newspaper. Without it a newspaper would get no advertisements which is the backbone of a newspaper organization and without advertisements a newspaper cannot survive. To perform its important duties like selling, delivering and collecting effectively, the circulation division of a newspaper organization is split into several units. To increase the circulation and to deliver the paper to far flung areas, necessary work is conducted and then advanced methods of increasing the circulation are introduced.
HOW ADVERTISING INCREASE CIRCULATION
Tenders:- Almost all the companies who requires tenders for any type of work published their requirement in newspapers. So the firms who filled the tenders or interesting to work they catch the newspapers and approach the companies who requires tenders.
Jobs:- As unemployment is the major issue of world, it is impossible to inform one by one for job opportunity, so the easiest way to inform majority of people for vacancies. And on the other side the job seekers are also a regular reader of newspaper for job opportunities.
Academic:- Most of the colleges, universities and academic departments now announces their semesters, admissions and results through advertisements in newspapers which cause in circulation increase. The students read newspapers to get in touch with the updates of their academic departments.
Class ads :- This type of advertisement is very popular now days, individuals, small businessmen promotes their business and buying and selling of goods, vehicles, plots etc.
Entertainment:- Entertainment advertisements are also published in newspaper which attracts the peoples who desires to be entertained e.g Films announcement, Music announcement, concerts etc.
CONCLUSION
All the above and other advertisement either from government or private sectors published in the newspaper are directly or indirectly increase the readership and once the readership is increased then automatically circulation will increase. However, advertisement and circulation of a newspaper is interrelated and have two-way effect, as big circulation of a newspaper attracts more advertisement and more advertisement increases further readership that results in increase of circulation. It means that this process has chain reaction.
ECONOMIC OF NEWSPAPER
There's an old saying that you'll never understand newspaper economics until you understand why newspaper vending machines are designed so that you can take as many papers as you like for your quarter. Newspapers are, first and last, devices for delivering ads to readers. It's the ads which account for all the profits, not the cash coming from subscribers or people who buy their paper at the newsstand. Yes, news itself is free, nowadays. But it always has been. What we've been paying for all these years was never news, it was papers.
The main source of income for newspaper is advertisements which they publish regularly. Most of the advertisements published in newspapers emanate from federal, provincial and local government departments. Advertisements constitute backbone of the newspaper industry. They play an important role in bringing the prices of newspaper to a moderate level. The distribution of these advertisements on behalf of the government is mostly don through information/publicity departments while the other institutions of private sector send their advertisements direct to the newspaper offices.
The key to the economic problems confronting newspapers lies with the government. The economic problems become a great obstacle in the way of journalistic freedom. Besides advertisements, newspapers in Pakistan have to face the problems of newsprint, import duty, printing material, circulation, distribution, mean of communication, means of getting news etc.
ADVERTISING INCREASE CIRCULATION
Advertising is the printed, audio, video or pictured representation of a person, product service or movement openly sponsored by the advertiser at his expenses for the purpose of influencing sales, use and votes etc.
Advertising is a business that feeds advertising agencies, newspapers, radio and television and contributes a lot in providing finances to news media. Advertisers convey their message to the masses through purchasing time in electronic media and space in print media and thus provide them a bulk of revenue.
Newspaper advertising, a popular avenue for consumer approach, is influential in economical living, business growth and community progress. There is convincing evidence that advertising can lead to lower prices, great profits., reduced selling cost and increased turnover. In newspapers generally there are display and classified types of advertisements.
Circulation is the lifeblood of a newspaper. Without it a newspaper would get no advertisements which is the backbone of a newspaper organization and without advertisements a newspaper cannot survive. To perform its important duties like selling, delivering and collecting effectively, the circulation division of a newspaper organization is split into several units. To increase the circulation and to deliver the paper to far flung areas, necessary work is conducted and then advanced methods of increasing the circulation are introduced.
HOW ADVERTISING INCREASE CIRCULATION
Tenders:- Almost all the companies who requires tenders for any type of work published their requirement in newspapers. So the firms who filled the tenders or interesting to work they catch the newspapers and approach the companies who requires tenders.
Jobs:- As unemployment is the major issue of world, it is impossible to inform one by one for job opportunity, so the easiest way to inform majority of people for vacancies. And on the other side the job seekers are also a regular reader of newspaper for job opportunities.
Academic:- Most of the colleges, universities and academic departments now announces their semesters, admissions and results through advertisements in newspapers which cause in circulation increase. The students read newspapers to get in touch with the updates of their academic departments.
Class ads :- This type of advertisement is very popular now days, individuals, small businessmen promotes their business and buying and selling of goods, vehicles, plots etc.
Entertainment:- Entertainment advertisements are also published in newspaper which attracts the peoples who desires to be entertained e.g Films announcement, Music announcement, concerts etc.
CONCLUSION
All the above and other advertisement either from government or private sectors published in the newspaper are directly or indirectly increase the readership and once the readership is increased then automatically circulation will increase. However, advertisement and circulation of a newspaper is interrelated and have two-way effect, as big circulation of a newspaper attracts more advertisement and more advertisement increases further readership that results in increase of circulation. It means that this process has chain reaction.
News agency Journalism, Role & scope of news agency
Give a historical sketch of news agency journalism. Discuss the role and scope of news agency journalism in the contemporary mass media scene in Pakistan. Also discuss the impact on the growth of professionalism in Pakistan caused by Pakistani mass media’s increased reliance on news agency journalism
NEWS AGENCY
The concept of wire service was taken from courier pigeon service between two cities of Europe which had not been linked by telegraph in the first half of the 19th century. The first modern wire service was the Associated Press (AP) which did not acquire its present form until a dispute erupted between its eastern and western factions, resulting in the formation of the Associated Press of Illinois. United Press International (UPI) became the first supplier of news to radio stations. Before 1947 the Muslim newspapers were dependent on Hindu dominated news agencies. At that time two news agencies namely Associated Press of India and United Press of India were important. Syed Mohammad of Bihar established Orient Press of India in 1940 in Patna. After partition the Associated Press of India was converted into the Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) by its Lahore Bureau. Similarly, Pakistan Press International (PPI) and UPI were established in 1949.
NATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES
The wire services have to rely on the government subsidy since the normal monthly subscription from the newspapers and other media organizations is very low. Normally the tariff for the service is as low as Rs. 10,000/-per month. There are reports that some news agencies resort to selling the service for only Rs. 2,000/- per month. It is obvious that these services cannot make enough revenue to sustain at this rate. Also recovering dues from the media organizations is another big challenge.
Association Press of Pakistan (APP) Corporation: APP is official news agency of Pakistan that is controlled by the Information Ministry. “ The Association Press of Pakistan started its life 1947, with the independence of Pakistan. Initially it was run through a trust, but owing to financial problems, it was taken over by the Government through an Ordinance called, “Association Press of Pakistan (taking over) Ordinance 1961”, on 15th June 1961, to put it on a sound financial footing.”
Although at the time of takeover the then government had announced that the agency will be handed over to a trust of employees that never happened. APP’s main role is to report, gather and distribute domestic and foreign news. Besides economic, financial and sports reports, it projects national events. Its charter of functions is to:
APP was made a corporation in 2002, when the military government introduced new media laws just before the general elections.
Online: Online is a news / photo agency of Pakistan. At the time of its launch, this was Pakistan’s first bilingual news and photo wire service that claimed to address issues that are neglected by the mainstream media. Agency was also the first modern wire service relying on latest technology. The agency’s photo service is more relied upon by the news media than its news service. It has started its weekly publication Pulse.
Pakistan Press International: PPI was the first news agency in the private sector. The company was incorporated and started its operations after the independence of Pakistan. Regardless of the fact that it also received subsidy from the government of Pakistan, it has been respected for its independent status. Till early 1990s this was second largest news agency after the official APP.
News Network International: NNI was established in 1992, it was the first Urdu language wire service. The agency created its own space and was soon recognized and subscribed by all the mainstream media.
INTERNATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES
AP, UPI, Reuter and AFP are the major foreign news agencies. AP and UPI both have some 200 bureaus operating the worldwide. It is the task of a bureau to gather and transmit information. AP has its head office at New York. It exchanges news on mutual grounds with other news agencies. UPI operates in more than 100 countries, serving 5000 publications and radio stations in the United States. UPI is a privately owned company. Reuter was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in England. Reuter provided free trial service to the newspapers in 1858. It is delivering news to media in 15 countries. AFP was established in France. It has 12000 subscribers in 160 countries and is distributing news in six languages.
ROLE AND SCOPE OF NEWS AGENCY
Basis function of a news agency is to deliver up-to-date, impartial and well written news. This requires continuous revision of stores. An additional aim is to keep intact as much of each original story as possible, so that material already set in type may be retained. The result is that a basic story will be revised many times in bits ranging from an inserted phrase to a few paragraphs. Generally, only the most timeless features and insignificant sidebars are moved in single neat packages that “stand” for an entire transmission cycle. The stories are revised several times in order to correct errors, add the latest information and improve emphasis, readability and brightness. News agency has its own sources of news including its separate reporting section and foreign based correspondents. A separate news room performs the selection and editing process under the supervision of desk incharge and shift incharge. News agency’s writers and editors usually work under time pressure. News agencies have main trunk distribution circuits running across the country.
In the present situation, where electronic media is on top the role and scope of news agencies is increasing. However, the print and electronic media is also increasing their reporters but for the international news they are rely on news agencies. Foreign and local news agencies are increasing their sources and appointing professionals to explore the world of news.
News agencies can be corporations that sell news (e.g. Press Association, Thomson Reuters, UPI). Other agencies work cooperatively with large media companies, generating their news centrally and sharing local news stories the major news agencies may chose to pick up and redistribute (i.e. AP, Agence France-Presse (AFP), MYOP). Commercial newswire services charge businesses to distribute their news (e.g. Business Wire, the Hugin Group, Market Wire, PR Newswire, and ABN Newswire). Governments may also control news agencies: China (Xinhua), Canada, Russia (ITAR-TASS) and other countries also have government-funded news agencies which also use information from other agencies well.
The major news agencies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations. They provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services (originally they used telegraphy; today they frequently use the Internet). Corporations, individuals, analysts and intelligence agencies may also subscribe.
Internet-based alternative news agencies as a component of the larger alternative media emphasizes a "non-corporate view" that is independent of the pressures of corporate media, business media and government-generated news and releases.
CONCLUSION
As the news agencies are the first source of news in the early days of life of newspaper and with the passage of time the print and electronic media is growing faster, however the reliance on the news agencies are somehow is still there.
Basically news agencies are working on quantitative policy, they have agreement with the newspaper’s management against the each news or bulk news. In some cases the authencity of the news is doubtful. But still news agencies play a vital role in the modern media.
On the other hand to get a news from the government department the role of news agency which is government owned agency is very important. For the international news they play a major role. Somehow, we can say the role of news agencies cannot be decreases.
NEWS AGENCY
The concept of wire service was taken from courier pigeon service between two cities of Europe which had not been linked by telegraph in the first half of the 19th century. The first modern wire service was the Associated Press (AP) which did not acquire its present form until a dispute erupted between its eastern and western factions, resulting in the formation of the Associated Press of Illinois. United Press International (UPI) became the first supplier of news to radio stations. Before 1947 the Muslim newspapers were dependent on Hindu dominated news agencies. At that time two news agencies namely Associated Press of India and United Press of India were important. Syed Mohammad of Bihar established Orient Press of India in 1940 in Patna. After partition the Associated Press of India was converted into the Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) by its Lahore Bureau. Similarly, Pakistan Press International (PPI) and UPI were established in 1949.
NATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES
The wire services have to rely on the government subsidy since the normal monthly subscription from the newspapers and other media organizations is very low. Normally the tariff for the service is as low as Rs. 10,000/-per month. There are reports that some news agencies resort to selling the service for only Rs. 2,000/- per month. It is obvious that these services cannot make enough revenue to sustain at this rate. Also recovering dues from the media organizations is another big challenge.
Association Press of Pakistan (APP) Corporation: APP is official news agency of Pakistan that is controlled by the Information Ministry. “ The Association Press of Pakistan started its life 1947, with the independence of Pakistan. Initially it was run through a trust, but owing to financial problems, it was taken over by the Government through an Ordinance called, “Association Press of Pakistan (taking over) Ordinance 1961”, on 15th June 1961, to put it on a sound financial footing.”
Although at the time of takeover the then government had announced that the agency will be handed over to a trust of employees that never happened. APP’s main role is to report, gather and distribute domestic and foreign news. Besides economic, financial and sports reports, it projects national events. Its charter of functions is to:
APP was made a corporation in 2002, when the military government introduced new media laws just before the general elections.
Online: Online is a news / photo agency of Pakistan. At the time of its launch, this was Pakistan’s first bilingual news and photo wire service that claimed to address issues that are neglected by the mainstream media. Agency was also the first modern wire service relying on latest technology. The agency’s photo service is more relied upon by the news media than its news service. It has started its weekly publication Pulse.
Pakistan Press International: PPI was the first news agency in the private sector. The company was incorporated and started its operations after the independence of Pakistan. Regardless of the fact that it also received subsidy from the government of Pakistan, it has been respected for its independent status. Till early 1990s this was second largest news agency after the official APP.
News Network International: NNI was established in 1992, it was the first Urdu language wire service. The agency created its own space and was soon recognized and subscribed by all the mainstream media.
INTERNATIONAL NEWS AGENCIES
AP, UPI, Reuter and AFP are the major foreign news agencies. AP and UPI both have some 200 bureaus operating the worldwide. It is the task of a bureau to gather and transmit information. AP has its head office at New York. It exchanges news on mutual grounds with other news agencies. UPI operates in more than 100 countries, serving 5000 publications and radio stations in the United States. UPI is a privately owned company. Reuter was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in England. Reuter provided free trial service to the newspapers in 1858. It is delivering news to media in 15 countries. AFP was established in France. It has 12000 subscribers in 160 countries and is distributing news in six languages.
ROLE AND SCOPE OF NEWS AGENCY
Basis function of a news agency is to deliver up-to-date, impartial and well written news. This requires continuous revision of stores. An additional aim is to keep intact as much of each original story as possible, so that material already set in type may be retained. The result is that a basic story will be revised many times in bits ranging from an inserted phrase to a few paragraphs. Generally, only the most timeless features and insignificant sidebars are moved in single neat packages that “stand” for an entire transmission cycle. The stories are revised several times in order to correct errors, add the latest information and improve emphasis, readability and brightness. News agency has its own sources of news including its separate reporting section and foreign based correspondents. A separate news room performs the selection and editing process under the supervision of desk incharge and shift incharge. News agency’s writers and editors usually work under time pressure. News agencies have main trunk distribution circuits running across the country.
In the present situation, where electronic media is on top the role and scope of news agencies is increasing. However, the print and electronic media is also increasing their reporters but for the international news they are rely on news agencies. Foreign and local news agencies are increasing their sources and appointing professionals to explore the world of news.
News agencies can be corporations that sell news (e.g. Press Association, Thomson Reuters, UPI). Other agencies work cooperatively with large media companies, generating their news centrally and sharing local news stories the major news agencies may chose to pick up and redistribute (i.e. AP, Agence France-Presse (AFP), MYOP). Commercial newswire services charge businesses to distribute their news (e.g. Business Wire, the Hugin Group, Market Wire, PR Newswire, and ABN Newswire). Governments may also control news agencies: China (Xinhua), Canada, Russia (ITAR-TASS) and other countries also have government-funded news agencies which also use information from other agencies well.
The major news agencies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations. They provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services (originally they used telegraphy; today they frequently use the Internet). Corporations, individuals, analysts and intelligence agencies may also subscribe.
Internet-based alternative news agencies as a component of the larger alternative media emphasizes a "non-corporate view" that is independent of the pressures of corporate media, business media and government-generated news and releases.
CONCLUSION
As the news agencies are the first source of news in the early days of life of newspaper and with the passage of time the print and electronic media is growing faster, however the reliance on the news agencies are somehow is still there.
Basically news agencies are working on quantitative policy, they have agreement with the newspaper’s management against the each news or bulk news. In some cases the authencity of the news is doubtful. But still news agencies play a vital role in the modern media.
On the other hand to get a news from the government department the role of news agency which is government owned agency is very important. For the international news they play a major role. Somehow, we can say the role of news agencies cannot be decreases.
Media ownership and its different forms
MEDIA OWNERSHIP AS GLOBAL
Media ownership (also known as media consolidation) is a commonly used term that refers to the majority of the media outlets being owned by a small number of corporations and especially by those who view such consolidation as detrimental, dangerous, or otherwise problematic to characterize ownership structure of mass media industries.
Media ownership may refer to states of oligopoly or monopoly in a given media industry, or to the importance of a low number of media corporations. Large media conglomerates include, National Amusements, Viacom, CBS Corporation, Time Warner, News Corp, Bertelsmann AG, Sony, General Electric, Vivendi SA, Hearst Corporation, Organizações Globo and Lagardère Group.
For example, movie production is known to be dominated by major studios since the early 20th Century; before that, there was a period in which Edison's Trust monopolized the industry. The music and television industries recently witnessed cases of media consolidation, with Sony Music Entertainment's parent company merging their music division with Bertelsmann AG's BMG to form Sony BMG and TimeWarner's The WB and CBS Corp.'s UPN merging to form The CW. In the case of Sony BMG, there existed a "Big Five" (now "Big Four") of major record companies, while The CW's creation was an attempt to consolidate ratings and stand up to the "Big Four" of American network (terrestrial) television.
The print media display the greatest diversity of all, in both ownership and content. They range from daily to weekly newspapers, from news magazines to a range of special interest publications. The print media are usually in private hands. The main exceptions are likely to be authoritarian or dictatorial systems under which free elections are unlikely to be on the agenda. But there are also countries, such as some in northern Europe, where a public subsidy is paid to newspapers to ensure the political diversity of the press. In countries emerging from dictatorship, aid donors sometimes subsidize private newspapers with a similar aim. By and large, however, newspapers derive their income from advertising and sales revenue (with the former usually much more significant than the latter). The ideal of the "Fourth Estate" - the media keeping a check over government - is perhaps more effective in the print media than broadcasting. At least some newspapers in any country are likely to conduct serious news investigations and o comment in a reasonably sophisticated manner on political developments. The same is not always true of broadcasters.
MEDIA OF PAKISTAN
In the early twenty-first century, the amount of print media in Pakistan declined precipitously while total circulation increased. From 1994 to 1997, the total number of daily, monthly, and other publications increased from 3,242 to 4,455 but had dropped to just 945 by 2003 with most of the decline occurring in the Punjab Province. However, from 1994 to 2003 total print circulation increased substantially, particularly for dailies (3 million to 6.2 million). Print media are published in 11 languages, but most are published in Urdu and Sindhi, and English-language publications are numerous. The press generally publishes free from censorship and has played an active role in national elections, but journalists often exercise self-censorship as a result of arrests and intimidation by government and societal actors. Most print media are privately owned, but the government controls the National Press Trust, a major newspaper publisher, and the Associated Press of Pakistan, one of the two major news agencies. The constitution guarantees the rights of free speech and press but also allows for government restrictions in cases of offenses against Islam, public morality, national security, and other circumstances. In fact, the government can fine and imprison those who broadcast material that is deemed inconsistent with “national and social values.”
MEDIA OWNERSHIP IN PAKISTAN
After partition due to financial constraints, print media was not so develop in Pakistan. After that many Urdu, English and other languages newspapers began to be published from different parts of the country. Regarding ownership, the person who is not a citizen of Pakistan shall not own or hold any interest in any newspaper printed or published in a province except with the previous approval of the government, and no such person shall, in any case, own or hold more than twenty-five percent of the entire proprietary interest of any such newspaper. Whether in the form of shares or by way of sole ownership or otherwise.
MAJOR PLAYERS ON PRINT MEDIA IN PAKISTAN
There are three major players on the print media market and in the media market in general.
1. The Jang Group of Newspapers is Pakistan’s largest media group and publishes the Urdu language Daily Jang, The News International, Mag Weekly, and Awam. The group tends has at a moderate conservative perspective.
2. The Dawn Group of newspapers is Pakistan’s second largest media group and produces an array of publications with that include the Star, Herald and the newspaper Dawn, which is its flagship. Dawn is considered a liberal, secular paper with moderate views. The Star is Pakistan’s most popular evening newspaper, and the Herald, is a current affairs monthly.
3. Nawa-i-Waqt is an Urdu language daily newspaper and has one of the largest readerships in the country. It belongs to the Nawa-Waqt group, which also publishes the English newspaper, The Nation. Like The Nation, the Nawa-i- Waqt is a right wing, conservative paper. According to Javid Siddiq, resident editor, the paper stands for democracy and for an Islamic welfare state.
The organisation All Pakistan Newspapers Society (APNS) represents major newspaper publishers and owners and is dominated by the media moguls. It was founded in 1953 by the major pioneering editors and publishers of the day to facilitate the exchange of views between editors and to protect the rights of newspapers. Today, APNS’s primary objective is to safeguard the commercial interests of its membership. If an advertiser defaults on payment, the newspaper company complains to the APNS. With 243 members, APNS will then pressure the company or the ad agency to either pay or be blacklisted.
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